Failure to Monitor and Respond to Lithium Toxicity Leading to Resident Death
Summary
A resident with a history of schizoaffective disorder and diabetes was admitted to the facility on lithium therapy, a medication with a narrow therapeutic range requiring regular blood level monitoring. Prior to admission, the resident had been receiving monthly lithium level checks during a prolonged hospital stay, with levels remaining mostly within the therapeutic range. Upon admission to the facility, a physician ordered a baseline lithium level, and nursing staff documented that the blood draw was completed; however, there was no evidence that the lab was actually obtained, and a late entry note was added to the record over a month later indicating unsuccessful attempts to draw blood. Despite the absence of lithium level results, the resident continued to receive daily doses of lithium. Over the following weeks, the resident exhibited multiple signs and symptoms consistent with lithium toxicity, including altered mental status, agitation, hallucinations, delusions, and eventually unresponsiveness and seizure activity. Nursing documentation showed that these changes in condition were not consistently reported to the physician, and there was no documentation of holding the lithium or seeking urgent evaluation as recommended in the presence of such symptoms. Multiple attempts to obtain a lithium level were unsuccessful, and the facility did not send the resident to an outside facility for the required blood draw, despite this being an available option. The resident continued to receive lithium without laboratory confirmation of safe levels, even after telemedicine consultation recommended obtaining a lithium level prior to further recommendations. Ultimately, the resident's condition deteriorated to the point of requiring emergency transfer to the hospital, where severe lithium toxicity, acute renal failure, and toxic encephalopathy were diagnosed. The resident's lithium level was found to be critically elevated, and the resident expired after a period of unresponsiveness and seizure activity. Interviews with facility leadership confirmed that critical lab monitoring was not completed as ordered, that there was a lack of timely physician notification regarding changes in the resident's condition, and that the facility failed to hold the medication or seek alternative means of obtaining necessary laboratory data.
Penalty
A resident was administered PRN Ativan on three occasions, but documentation showed that non-pharmacological interventions were only attempted before two of those administrations. An LPN confirmed that there was no record of any intervention being tried prior to one of the doses, resulting in a deficiency related to the use of psychotropic medications.
A resident with dementia and behavioral disturbances received a PRN order for Lorazepam that was not limited to 14 days and lacked a documented rationale for continuation beyond this period. The medication was administered without evidence that non-pharmacological interventions were attempted first, and required documentation was missing.
The facility did not reassess a PRN psychotropic medication for a resident with severe cognitive impairment, allowing continued use without physician review, and also failed to complete an AIMS assessment for another resident receiving antipsychotic medication. Staff were unaware of the requirements for medication reassessment and AIMS completion.
Two residents received routine Seroquel administration without proper documentation of targeted behaviors, monitoring for adverse effects, or rationale for continued use. In both cases, there was no evidence of attempted gradual dose reduction (GDR) or clinical justification for not attempting GDR, and staff interviews confirmed these documentation gaps.
A resident admitted for hospice care with dementia and Parkinson's disease was prescribed lorazepam and quetiapine for anxiety and psychosis, but staff did not initiate monitoring for targeted behaviors or medication side effects until two days after starting the medications. Nursing staff and leadership confirmed that monitoring should have begun with the initiation of psychotropic medications, as required by facility policy.
A resident with moderate cognitive impairment was prescribed psychotropic medications, but the facility failed to complete and document required Gradual Dose Reductions (GDRs) as per regulatory standards. Only one GDR attempt was made for each medication over extended periods, and there was no supporting documentation for GDRs or contraindications. Staff were unclear on GDR requirements, and facility policy lacked specific time frames for GDR attempts.
Failure to Document Non-Pharmacological Interventions Prior to PRN Psychotropic Medication Administration
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure that non-pharmacological interventions (NPI) were provided or attempted prior to administering a psychotropic medication for one resident. Specifically, a resident was prescribed Ativan (Lorazepam) on an as-needed basis and received doses on three separate occasions. Documentation confirmed that NPIs were attempted before administration on two of those dates, but there was no documentation of any NPI being attempted prior to the administration on the third date. During interviews, an LPN explained that the facility's process is to attempt NPIs before administering psychotropic medications and that such attempts should be documented either in the electronic Medication Administration Record (eMAR) or in a progress note. Upon review of the resident's records, the LPN was unable to find any documentation indicating that an NPI was attempted before the administration of Ativan on the date in question, confirming the deficiency.
Failure to Limit and Document PRN Psychotropic Medication Orders
Penalty
Summary
Facility staff failed to ensure compliance with regulations regarding the use of as needed (PRN) psychotropic medications for a resident with dementia and behavioral disturbances. A physician order for Lorazepam, to be administered prior to blood draws, was written as a PRN order without a 14-day limitation or a specified duration and discontinuation date. The medical record did not contain documentation from the physician providing a rationale for continuing the PRN order beyond 14 days, as required by regulation. Additionally, review of the medication administration record showed that Lorazepam was administered to the resident, but there was no documentation indicating that non-pharmacological interventions were attempted prior to giving the medication. These findings were confirmed during interviews with the Director of Nursing and the Nursing Home Administrator, who acknowledged the lack of appropriate documentation and understanding of the requirements for PRN psychotropic medication orders.
Failure to Reassess PRN Psychotropic Medication and Complete AIMS Assessment
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure that one resident was free from unnecessary medications by not reassessing a PRN psychotropic medication as required. Specifically, a resident with severe cognitive impairment and diagnoses including depression and Alzheimer's Disease had a PRN order for trazodone to address restlessness and agitation. The order, initiated at admission, was not reassessed by the physician after the initial 14 days or at any subsequent time, despite ongoing use over several months. There was also no evidence that the resident was seen by behavioral health services for medication management. Facility staff, including the nurse and Director of Nursing, were unaware that the medication had not been re-evaluated as required by policy. Additionally, the facility failed to complete an Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) assessment for another resident who was receiving antipsychotic medication. This resident, admitted with diagnoses including suicidal ideations, depression, aphasia, and chorea, had a physician's order for daily risperidone. Review of the medical record showed no documentation that an AIMS assessment was completed, as required for residents on antipsychotic medications. Staff interviews revealed a lack of awareness and training regarding the completion and timing of AIMS assessments.
Failure to Monitor and Document Antipsychotic Use and GDR for Two Residents
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure that residents' drug regimens were free from unnecessary psychotropic medications, specifically antipsychotics, as required by policy and regulation. For one resident with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with agitation, major depressive disorder, and anxiety, Seroquel was administered routinely without identifying or monitoring resident-specific target behaviors or signs and symptoms of potential adverse consequences. Physician's orders for Seroquel did not specify targeted behaviors or monitoring parameters, and the medical record lacked documentation of monitoring for efficacy or adverse effects. For another resident with Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety, Seroquel was also administered on a routine basis. The medical record did not contain a documented rationale for the use of Seroquel, nor was there evidence that a gradual dose reduction (GDR) was attempted or that a clinical contraindication to GDR was documented by the prescriber. Although a consultant psychiatric nurse practitioner recommended against GDR due to potential psychiatric destabilization, this recommendation was not reviewed or documented by the attending physician or nurse practitioner in the resident's record. Interviews with facility staff, including the Director of Nursing and Social Worker, confirmed that there was no documentation of resident-specific targeted behaviors, monitoring for adverse consequences, or rationale for continued use of Seroquel. The Director of Nursing acknowledged that these elements should have been documented but were not completed for the residents in question.
Failure to Monitor Behaviors and Side Effects for Psychotropic Medication Use
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure appropriate monitoring of a resident who was admitted under general in-patient hospice care with diagnoses including dementia, Parkinson's disease, and uncontrolled behaviors posing a danger to self and others. Upon admission, the resident was prescribed psychotropic medications, specifically lorazepam for anxiety, restlessness, agitation, and shortness of breath, and quetiapine fumarate for psychosis and unprovoked physical behavior. However, there was no documented evidence that monitoring for targeted behaviors such as anxiety and psychosis, or for side effects related to the use of these psychotropic medications, was initiated until two days after admission. Interviews with nursing staff and facility leadership confirmed that monitoring for behaviors and side effects should have been conducted from the time the medications were started. The facility's own policy required staff to monitor for adverse side effects associated with psychotropic medication use. The lack of timely monitoring was acknowledged by the RN, ADON, LVN, and DON, all of whom stated that such monitoring was expected and should have been implemented as soon as the medications were ordered.
Failure to Complete and Document Required Gradual Dose Reductions for Psychotropic Medications
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure that a Gradual Dose Reduction (GDR) was completed for one resident reviewed for unnecessary medications. The resident, who was moderately cognitively impaired, was prescribed Sertraline for depression and Zyprexa for dementia with psychotic disturbance. Documentation showed only one GDR attempt for Sertraline in over two years and only one GDR attempt for Zyprexa in the previous thirteen months. There was no supporting documentation in the electronic health record (EHR) for a GDR on the date indicated in the Minimum Data Set (MDS), nor was there documentation from the pharmacy or provider requesting a GDR or supporting contraindications for GDR. Staff interviews revealed confusion regarding the requirements for GDRs, with staff referencing facility policy and pharmacy guidelines but unable to provide documentation supporting their practices. The facility's policy did not specify time frame requirements for GDR attempts, and no further documentation was provided to support that appropriate GDRs or contraindications had been addressed for the resident's psychotropic medications.
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